Fritz Perls

German-born psychiatrist who fled the Nazis, broke with psychoanalysis, and co-founded Gestalt therapy. He landed at Esalen in the 1960s and became famous for confrontational, theatrical, unsparing group work.

The second model. Where Satir gave the toolkit its care, Perls gave it its nerve — the willingness to interrupt a sentence mid-flight and ask who exactly is doing that to whom.